County of umatilla

History & Founding

Located in northeastern Oregon, this county stretches across a diverse landscape shaped by centuries of history and natural forces. Established in 1869 from Wasco County, it was named for the Umatilla people, a Sahaptian-speaking Native American tribe who historically inhabited the region. The name "Umatilla" is believed to mean "running water" in the Sahaptian language, a fitting description of the numerous waterways that crisscross the area. Early settlement was spurred by the Oregon Trail and the subsequent influx of pioneers seeking fertile land and opportunities. The construction of the Oregon and California Railroad in the 1870s further solidified the county’s importance in Oregon’s development, facilitating trade and settlement. A curious historical anecdote involves the attempted establishment of a utopian colony called "Temperance," founded in 1878 with the ambitious goal of creating a community based on strict moral principles. The colony ultimately failed due to internal disagreements and the harsh realities of frontier life.

Geography & Landscape

The county occupies a geographically varied area, bordered by Washington to the north and Idaho to the east. Its terrain ranges from rolling hills and grasslands to rugged canyons and forested mountains. The Umatilla River, the county’s namesake, is a significant waterway, joined by tributaries like the John Day River and the Willow Creek. The Blue Mountains dominate the eastern landscape, providing stunning vistas and opportunities for outdoor recreation. The climate is characterized by semi-arid conditions, with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Average annual precipitation is relatively low, contributing to the prevalence of sagebrush and grasslands. The county’s location within the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains significantly influences its climate patterns.

Economy & Communities

The county’s economy is a blend of agriculture, industry, and tourism. Pendleton, the county seat, serves as the primary commercial hub. Other significant towns include Hermiston, Milton-Freewater, and Umatilla. Agriculture remains a cornerstone of the local economy, with wheat, hay, and fruit (particularly apples and pears) being major crops. Cattle ranching is also prevalent. Industry includes food processing, manufacturing, and transportation. Notable employers include St. Alphonsus Medical Center, Lamb Weston, and various agricultural processing facilities. The character of the area is largely rural, with a strong sense of community and a connection to the land. While experiencing growth, the county retains its small-town charm and agricultural heritage.

Points of Interest

Points of interest abound, reflecting the county’s rich history and natural beauty. The Pendleton Round-Up, a world-renowned rodeo and western celebration held annually, draws visitors from around the globe. The Pendleton Underground Tours offer a fascinating glimpse into the town’s history, revealing a network of tunnels and hidden spaces beneath the main streets. The Umatilla National Forest provides ample opportunities for hiking, camping, and fishing. The Heritage Center Museum showcases the county’s history, including exhibits on Native American culture, pioneer life, and the rodeo tradition. The county is also home to numerous historic buildings and landmarks, reflecting its architectural heritage. A unique fact is that Pendleton was once known as "Letitia," before being renamed in honor of a prominent pioneer family.